Objectives of Islamic Economics - 2113 Words

Table on Content: †¢ Indruduction p.2 †¢ Objectives of Islamic Economics o Right of Property p. 3 o The problem if equality p. 3-4 o Social Justice p. 4 †¢ Characteristics of Islamic Economics o Production of Wealth p.5 o Distribution of Wealth†¦show more content†¦Anyone who takes possession of the earth’s natural resources and puts them to good use acquires a rightful title over them. For instance, if somebody takes possession of an uncultivated piece of land, on which nobody has a prior right of ownership, and makes productive use of it, he cannot be arbitrarily dispossessed of that piece of land. This is how every right of ownership originated in the world. When man first appeared, everything was available to everyone, and whoever took possession of anything and made it useful in any manner became its owner; that is to say, he acquired the right to use it specifically for his own purpose and to obtain compensation from others if they wanted to use it. This is the natural basis of all the economic activity of mankind. THE PROBLEM OF EQUALITY Allah has not distributed His gifts and favor equally among mankind but, in His infinite wisdom, has given some individuals more than others. Just as this is true of pleasantness of voice, excellence of physique and intellectual power and so on, so, too, is it the case with the material conditions of life. Human existence has been so ordained that divergence, variety and inequality among men in their ways and standards variety and inequality among men in their ways and standards of living seems to be natural. Variety is the spice of life, and the driving spirit of behind human endeavour and excellence Islam desires that no legal, functional or traditional handicaps should exist inShow MoreRelatedThe Methodology Of Islamic Economics And Positive Economics1500 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Methodology of economics has been an essential part in constructing the fundamental economic theories and hypotheses. It has been a subject of research by economists and become their interest in answering empirical problems of human beings. It becomes a main framework of positivists in developing their thought on economic system. The methodology also utilized in developing Islamic economic to build self and distinct system than the existing conventional economic due to several differentiationsRead MoreObjectives of Macroeconomics1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction to Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Introduction to Macroeconomics 1.1 INTRODUCTION †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Economics is divided into two main branches: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Macro means large, and micro means small. Microeconomics takes a close-up view of the economy by concentrating on the choices made by individual participants in the economy such as consumers, workers, business managers and investors. Microeconomics stresses on the role of prices in business and personal decisionsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of Islamic Banks1563 Words   |  7 Pagessecondary, and tertiary sources. RESULTS The Islamic banking industry has come a long way in issues of corporate governance. However, Islamic banks need to be at the forefront of pioneering innovative, impactful, and far-reaching social responsibility and corporate governance practices since for starters, they are faith-based institutions. Islamic banks need to stop resting on their laurels and stop playing catch up in these domains. Moreover, Islamic banks need to deal conclusively with the arrayRead MoreHow Do Muslim Economists Define Islamic Economics?856 Words   |  4 Pageshealthy society must have a functioning economic system. Justice and practicality are the main standards that Islam based on and any successful economic system has to be built on them. The objective of these standards is to avoid the enmity between different socio- economic parts. Islam focuses on spirit of the economic system, which means the main concern of the Islamic economic system is not the precise amount of profit and loss and other economic statistics. Islam has two main sourcesRead MoreHow Islamic Management s Methodology And Construct1642 Words   |  7 Pages‘corporate culture’ (Hamidi, 2006). In an empirical study conducted in Bangladesh by Hossain, a positive relationship discovered between organisational performance and the knowledge and principles of Islamic Management practiced by the organisation (Sulaiman et al., 2014). Therefore, we will look into how Islamic management’s methodology and construct, in comparison to conventional management, able to shape individual and organisational behaviours as well as work and business ethics, towards achieving ultimateRead MoreBanking Sectors and Financial Crisis in the UAE and GCC Countries890 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Banking Sectors Financial Crisis in the UAE GCC Countries Chapter Two Table of Contents I. UAE GCC Countries Economy Overview Overview of the Banking Sector. Islamic and conventional Banking principles. The structure of Islamic Banking in UAE GCC Countries Islamic Banks operating in the UAE GCC Countries Central Bank Federal Law II. The financial crisis in the UAE GCC Countries. Causes of the financial crisis. Effects of the financial crisis. Banking Sector beforeRead MoreWeekly Schedule1363 Words   |  6 Pages MBA CLASS OF 2016 SEMESTER II (S II) LIST OF COURSES BEING OFFERED Code Units Course Title Instructor BII FMG IE MACS ME OM 0.5 1 0.5 1 1 1 Business Integration and Innovation Financial Management Islamic Ethics Managerial Accounting and Control Systems Managerial Economics Operations Management Jamshed H Khan Syed Mubashir Ali Kamran Rashid Ayesha Bhatti / M Junaid Ashraf Tanveer Shehzad Hassan Rauf / Syed Zahoor Hassan SULEMAN DAWOOD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS MBA PROGRAMME CLASS OFRead MoreAaoifi997 Words   |  4 PagesInternational Standards for Islamic Finance AAOIFI – Introduction AAOIFI IFRS - Comparison on structural objectives AAOIFI IFRS - Categories of accounting standards for Islamic financial institutions AAOIFI IFRS - Examples of main differences Adoption of AAOIFI Standards How AAOIFI Standards Support Islamic Finance Industry www.aaoifi.com For more information on the Institute of Management Accountants, visit www.imanet.org AAOIFI – Introduction †¢ Responsible for formulation and issuanceRead MoreReligiosity And Islamic Consumer Behavior Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pages Religiosity and Islamic Consumer Behavior Name: Institution: â€Æ' Introduction Consumer behavior is the process by which individuals seek, decide, procure, utilize and dispose of products so as to satisfy their needs and wants. Consumer behavior is attracting interest from scholars especially the marketing psychologists. The concept is important to marketing because it reveals why, when and how consumers make the decisions to buy. Many factors influence consumer behavior, for example, theRead MoreIslamic World View Beyond Islamic Development Strategy Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesIslamic World View Beyond Islamic Development Strategy, Is It There? Introduction Allan Bullock and S.Trombley (1999) refer ‘worldview’ to a general conception of the nature of the world, particularly as containing or implying a system of value-principles. What constructs such a system of value-principles may vary depending on each fundamental belief. It becomes essential to know the various type of worldview as it helps us to comprehensively understand our own worldview and gain insight from others

Headaches Their Causes And Effects Essay - 639 Words

All of us suffer from an occasional headache; in fact, 20 million Americans see their doctors each year because of headaches. Headaches are also the leading cause for missing school and work in this country. There are many different types of headaches ranging from just ordinary pain, to pain associated with a disorder or serious medical condition. Iamp;#8217;d like to discuss the worst type of headache. The type of headache Iamp;#8217;d like to discuss, the Migraine, although intense in its pain, is not associated with a medical condition or injury. The Migraine is a recurring throbbing headache, affecting only one side of the head and often accompanied by many symptoms. Although many people use the word amp;#8220;Migraine; to†¦show more content†¦This is supposedly due to the hormonal imbalance during that time. So, what can we do to prevent Migraines? Because Migraine headaches can recur for years and medication may lead to side effects and rebound headaches prevention is the key aspect in the management of migraines. Pay close attention to your diet. See if avoiding certain foods can prevent a migraine. The three Camp;#8217;s- Cheese, chocolate and citrus are the most common foods which trigger migraines. Iamp;#8217;d like to discuss sleep habits. While itamp;#8217;s important to get enough rest, avoid oversleeping as well. Itamp;#8217;s best to go to bed and get up at about the same time each day, since this helps to regulate and stabilize the brainamp;#8217;s important biological clocks. To make up for loss of sleep after a late night, rest or nap later in the day if necessary. Has anyone ever read the ingredients of Excedrin? Well if you have youamp;#8217;d have noticed that Excedrinamp;#8217;s three active ingredients are: Acetaminophen (which is Tylenol), Asprin and surprisingly enough, Caffeine. I remember a day last year around the time that we had finals, when my sister, Iamp;#8217;m not just blaming her, it was really her fault, bought these pills named Vivavrin. As soon as I took one of these pills my head began to throb and I, who have a long family history of migraines, received one. Now, if Caffeine triggers Migraines, why would aShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Migraine Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pages A migraine is a disease that affects the body specifically the head, and it is count as one of the diseases that produce a headache and another kind of pains in the head and the body. This Migraine has many types and it is a chronic disease which keeps the effects remain for a long time. Some of the things that could happen to who has or about to have a migraine are vomiting, nausea, sensitivity to the light and sound and can include flashesRead MoreHeadaches and Alternative Treatment Options Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesHeadaches and alternative treatment options†¦ Almost everyone has experienced a headache in their lives. It is top of the list for most common pains, and possibly the major underlying excuse in your life if you miss something. It may come up suddenly while you are sitting at your desk and working on a challenging task, at a stressful moment, or even at your sleep! You may feel a belt is tightened around your head or can even be a throbbing type of pain. Some of the headaches are periodic andRead MoreMigraine Headaches : Symptoms And Symptoms1351 Words   |  6 PagesMigraine Headaches: One Condition, Different Perspectives Migraine headaches are not normal headaches. They are often a chronic, on-and-off condition, causing sufferers various issues in all aspects of life. School and work become more difficult, and lives are disrupted. In order to reduce the effect of migraine headaches on Americans, it is important to understand the condition and its effects. Understanding Migraine Headaches Migraine headaches are very different from typical headaches. TheyRead MoreTeen Stress Effects1119 Words   |  5 Pageshas many effects on teenagers including their physical, emotional and mental health. Stress is defined as a state of distress due to an environmental factor, and with this comes a raised heart rate and blood pressure (Suldo). There are a few physical effects related to stress on the body. With other symptoms comes aches and pains, â€Å"allergic† reactions and a lack of sleep (Rowh). When teens are stressed, they can start to feel headaches. These headaches are typically known as tension headache, and theRead MoreCaffeine Addiction Essay800 Words   |  4 Pagesto it and that caffeine can damage the body and brain. There are a few positive and negative psychological effects of caffeine on the human body. Positive psychological effects are concentration, focus, attention, improves memory, in some studies, and alertness. Negative psychological effects are anxiety, depression, irritable, and addiction. Some physiological effects are nausea, headache, restless, hypertension, and tremors. It is important for researching caffeine addiction because most peopleRead MoreMigraines And Society : Symptoms And Symptoms1689 Words   |  7 Pagesbut most people do not know the difference between headaches and migraines. Migraines are known as an â€Å"invisible illness† because there are not any physical effects i.e. rash, blisters or vomiting. Migraines can be triggered by many things. One major trigger is light, certain types of lights or lighting can cause even more damage to those suffering from migraines. LED lights and strobe lights are one of the most common types of lights that cause migraine sufferers to experience discomfort. The brightnessRead More Migraines: That Ache In Your Head Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesThat Ache In Your Head Have you ever had a headache? That pounding pain that would not go away, it was probably a headache, however there is another type of headache that happens to one side of the head and could also cause nausea, sensitivity to light, sound or odors. Also accompanying the migraine is a aura, which could be flashes of light, or temporally lose your vision, in any case it is a visual impairment. (1) Migraines differ from headaches because a migraine is a neurological disease.Read MoreOil Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesMedicine prescriptions for headaches and migraines often have side effects on the users. Essential oils, on the other hand, offer relief to with reduced side effects. These oils also have other associated benefits such as giving relief from stress, reducing tension and also ease any pain that may be suffered. However, caution must be taken not to swallow the oil o apply it directly to the skin. But what are essential oils? These are liquids extracted from various parts of plants such as leaves,Read MorePathogenesis of Menstural Migraines Essay1658 Words   |  7 PagesA migraine is a common, chronic, and debilitating neurovascular disorder. It is characterized by attacks of serve headache along with autonomic nervous system dysfunction and some patients an aura neurological symptom (Goadsby, Lipton, Ferrari, 2002). Migraine attacks start at any age but they peak in the early to mid adolescence age. Migraines rates were observed for a year and the results showed the prevalence of migraines being 11% overall, 6% among men and 15-18% in women(Stewart WF, LiptonRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Migraine Insomnia1636 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT Migraine headaches are chronic neurological ailments that affect approximately 12% of patients in the United States and cost businesses nearly $13 billion in missed workdays each year. Managing migraine headaches is important for workplace productivity, as well as maintaining a high quality of life. Most commonly, patients begin their quest for management with over-the-counter medications such as ibuprofen or Advil, which are first-line treatments for mild to moderate migraine. Sumatriptan

What is positivism Free Essays

Positivism Is a well established philosophy wealth the natural sciences. In the early nineteenth century It became an integral aspect of social science methodology. In Bacon tradition, positivism is the precise and objective observation of an object from a scientifically detached position. We will write a custom essay sample on What is positivism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though its definition is broad, there are fundamentally six assumptions in positivistic philosophy and three distinct generations that negotiate with these assumptions. Naturalism; positivists are committed to the implication of the natural scientific teeth in social science. The natural scientific method creates a ‘closed system’ in which a limited number of discrete variables are identified, influences are excluded, cause and effect Is established, and excellently law or authoritative knowledge Is constructed. No acknowledgement of open systems as a feature of both natural and social science Is made. Phenomenal; only knowledge gained from physical experience Is considered valid. Otherwise It Is metaphysical and meaningless. If It cannot be subject to empirical tests and corroborated, it does not exist. Happiness, for example, by this criterion, is meaningless. Nominal; again concepts must be rooted in physical actuality. Words are mere reflections of things, semantics are dismissed. Scientific concepts are regarded as true reflections of the world instead. Atomics; attempts definition of discrete irreducible objects. An individual would by this criterion, be the smallest unit of society. 19th century utilitarian maxim ‘greater good for greater number’ placed special emphasis on this assumption. Scientific laws; a sequence of regularities in objects are sought and named a constant conjunction of events. A general statement Is then devised citing one variable as the cause, the other as the effect. E. G. : Ill health as the cause for poverty. The problematic, Internal structure of these objects Is not examined. Universal law Is established. Facts and Values: facts only are scientific, distinct then from subjective and relative values which cannot be verified by empirical measurement. The first generation of positivists, in response to European chaos, devised a confident Sino of knowledge as human made, not divine construction and so open to critical enquiry. Augusta Comet directed early positivist thought in the social sciences. He made a naturalist assumption that through social physics, social cohesion could be attained which would then lead to civic harmony. With positivist philosophy intent, he meant to serve the needs of humanity through objective intellectual enquiry. Comet believed that all knowledge could be reconstructed and a better world created. Human reason could subject social phenomena to natural laws and achieve regress. The method of Induction I. E. He construction of knowledge through the collection of empirical evidence from observed regular instances, would play a early positivistic claim to objective knowledge was very ambitious and modified by the next generation of logical positivists. Prominent in the Vienna Circle, these philosophers placed greater emphasis on the sensory world as automatically composed of separate irreducible objects. Conscious of previous translation of value into fact and failure to separate t heories from observation they had a more acute awareness of language and its tendency to, even in simple statements, have normative assumptions. Logical positivists were careful to make distinctions between statements. Two connected types were identified: analytic and synthetic. An analytic statement such as ‘all bachelors are unmarried’ is a tautological truth whereas the synthetic there are more bachelors in London than anywhere else’ tells us something about the world. It can be empirically tested and refuted. Logical positivists’ favoring of the induction method, with its assumption of rabbles’ passivity posed a difficulty for the next generation of philosophers, the standard positivists. Nominal was the prominent assumption for this school of thought. Hempen, acknowledging the role of meaning, championed the idea of deduction over induction. Deduction involves abstract reasoning. It sees thought processes, not a general law as initial in devising empirical research. These positivists see empirical regularity as sufficient in creating a causal law. They see symmetry in explanation and prediction. These causal laws can be empirically tested and verified. Popper on the other hand saw verification as leading to stagnation. In mid 20th century he proposed instead the idea of falsification which encourages systematic skepticism of all knowledge claims. Moving away from induction’s ‘common sense’ science, Popper begins with an assumption of uncertainty. Truth to Popper is a matter of degree, of verisimilitude, not an absolute. Popper shifts the demarcation criteria of science and non-science. He adopts naturalism but challenges the logical positivist view of the meta-physical as meaningless. To Popper, there is no true or false, but testability. He held that a search for truth was a search for the end of knowledge, which was contrary to his view of knowledge as continual. He saw the practice of refuting evidence as integral to progress. Popper understood research’s vulnerability to false claims, the complexity of the fact/ value distinction. Our awareness of the power of social construction over our perceptions is more astute these days but it is imperative that we situate ourselves and know that we are as shaped by context as ever. How to cite What is positivism, Papers

Preparing for Future Leadership free essay sample

As of January 7th 2016, African American females only make up two percent of medical doctors in the United States. Two percent is a discouraging number for majority of black women but I know that Clark Atlanta University will fulfill my plans of being a part of this growing percentage. Clark Atlanta University is my key to a career along with other young black females. Receiving my doctorate degree from a historically black college (HBCU) would exceed the expectations I set for myself while furthering my knowledge and leadership roles in society. Learning from a university that was built upon historically black figures is an experience that will give me the platform to lead African American females in society today. Beginning the start of my career at Clark is putting me one step closer to my future goals of being in the medical field. Specifically, accomplishing these goals will set a positive example for other young black women to follow. We will write a custom essay sample on Preparing for Future Leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Being a role model to African American women is also where my leadership skills could be improved. Although I will be an undergraduate I plan to work towards my bachelors of science and continue my education until I have received my PHD. With this knowledge I can improve the health of the people while saving the lives of my community with the education this university has to offer me. I am aware I will be facing tough challenges and obstacles but I am most certain with the support your campus has to offer I will be able to accomplish anything that crosses my path. Success is something I strive for on a daily basis, and as a student in the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) academy I have been well prepared to take on the challenge of attending the rigorous courses this university provides. After visiting the campus I can conclude I am comfortable with the environment and surroundings of the campus. The black community and black culture is well respected and honored at Clark Atlanta University. Growing up as a black female has caused others to feel I am incapable of reaching my dreams in the world. My race and sexuality should not be used to determine my place in society and what I can contribute to the medical field. Attending this university will allow me to branch out and strive for what I believe in. Clark Atlanta University will prepare me for success, enhance my learning, and elevate my knowledge as I enter adulthood.

My role as a Social Worker free essay sample

Living a life as a social worker can be a very interesting but stressful job. With this particular career comes the good with the bad and one must be very careful while out in the field. I would like to become a social worker for abused and neglected children as I have a passion for our children of the world today. Also to take on a case of a child whom has been abused or neglected will put a mark in my heart but as a professional I must still follow the code of ethics. A social worker’s duties can expand amongst a number of jobs but are all within the same means. Social work is a profession for individuals with a strong desire to help improve people’s lives. As a social worker we actually help people function the best way possible within their environment, deal with certain relationships, and most of all solve personal and family problems. We will write a custom essay sample on My role as a Social Worker or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We often see clients facing social problems, life threatening diseases, or even abuse or neglect amongst an adult or child. This is primary the ethical part of becoming a social worker, to help people in need and by addressing the social problem. These services are rendered from the knowledge, value, and skills learned prior to submitting such work. Most social workers are encouraged to volunteer some of their professional skills with no expectation of any financial obligation (â€Å"An Introduction to Social Problems†, pg. 11). With all being the case there are more moral responsibilities I would have to take on as a leader in being a social worker. Another thing is that as a social worker we challenge social injustice and by doing so we pursue social change, mainly focusing on vulnerable and oppressed individuals and groups of people. The issues which are focused mostly on within injustice would be poverty, discrimination, unemployment, and other forms of social injustice. Also within social injustice comes the thinking and knowledge to respect and understand each individual cultural and ethnic diversity. This list can go on and on when pertaining to becoming a social worker because you must also respect the inherent dignity and worth of a person. Knowing that we all come from many different cultures and have many different diversity backgrounds but again as a worker must always respect the individual. Remaining professional at all times is a must so you must recognize the importance of human relationships. Always behave in a trustworthy manner as everything has a rule and regulation to it. With all tied up in one social workers must act in an honest and responsible manner and always promote ethical practices on behalf of the organizations affiliated with. And last but not least practicing within the areas of competence and develop and enhance their professional expertise some of the codes will then become broken. (â€Å"An Introduction to Social Problems†, pg. Being that all duties of a social worker has been outlined I would still be sure to follow a very strict format when dealing with any client as all are treated equally. I do understand each case is different but since we are dealing with people lives there are still many ethical concerns when working on cases. I will build a professional only relationship with my client because although we are not supposed to be on a personal note, I would want my client to feel very comfortable and open with me to get the case resolved in a timely manner. Office visits only will be permitted, no meeting outside of work grounds as then it does becomes unethical. If you plan to become or even remain to be a social worker there are many rules and regulations to abide by and most definitely respect. In essence I choose the field of social worker to assist and help the abused and neglected children within my area and while pursuing such degree I plan to study and learn as many different valuable piece of information which will guide and help me succeed in the near future on my career path and journey.

The Alliance System and the New Imperialism essays

The Alliance System and the New Imperialism essays During the 19th and 20th century an abundance of change was occurring within the world in terms of the bonding and binding of alliance systems. France would quickly intertwine itself with different countries in order to form alliances to offer a form of security, strength, and wealth for the countries in the alliance as well as themselves. At the same time, there was a race for the empire, which would gain fuel through expansionism of other empires. Additionally, major imperialist activities would occur. Through fear and concern for security, strength, and wealth colonial holdings would increase. The combination of these elements and the binding of the countries through alliances would eventually help lead to the individual countries involvement in World War I (WWI) and the reasoning France had several different alliances with other countries. France was a great ally and had the economic, political, and military strengths that proved useful in the battle against Germany and Austria-Hungary. France even had a secret alliance with Italy that led to Italy aiding France in the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary. There were other alliances like the Franco-Russian Alliance of 1892 this agreement was formed with Russia. In the Franco-Russian agreement, if Germany or its ally Italy were to attack France, Russia would come to the aid and defend France. The same thing applies to Russia if the scenario occurred for them. The next agreement was the Entente Cordiale of 1904, which helped to end conflict between Great Britain and France. This agreement in no way made Great Britain or France an alliance with each other, or force Great Britain to commit support to Russia. This was more of an agreement than real formal alliance; however, the Triple Entente of 1907 changed the original alliance of the Entente Cordiale of 1904 and added Russia. Now they were the Triple Entente and stood in opposi...

Legal Memoradum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Legal Memoradum - Essay Example First, the subsistence of the situational constraint (the contract) is expected to be predominantly significant, which makes a cause more likely to be professed as causal. Yes, Mr. Moran can claim damages from the two companies namely, Mining Inc and Irving Cooper, Mr. Moran just need to file the commenced actions in the State of New York because he signed the negotiation with Mining Inc in Manhattan, and at the same he also have to file for the commenced actions in Minnesota because the principal company of Coal is there. We just received a frantic telephone call from our client, Coal Corp.. (a Colorado corporation) with its principal place of business in Minnesota. In September, 2004 Coal entered into a written contract with Mining, Inc. (a Montana corporation with its principal place of business in Montana) and Irving Cooper (a private entrepreneur who resides in New Jersey) pursuant to which Mining and Mr. Cooper agreed to manufacture and install for Coal a large quantity of electronic mining equipment which Coal needs in Minnesota. Joseph Moran (who resides in Butte, Montana) executed a written guarantee in which he guaranteed the due and prompt performance by Mining and Cooper under the contract. Moran sent the guarantee to Mining in Minnesota and Mining delivered the guarantee to Coal at the time the contract was executed. Mining and Cooper manufactured some of the equipment in its Minnesota specialty plant and installed that equipment. Mining and Cooper, however, have failed to perform several of their material obligations under the contract. As a result of their breach Coal has sustained, in its estimation, more than $1,000,000 in damages. Mining and Coal negotiated the contract in Manhattan. The contract which Mining and Coal executed at Kennedy Airport provides that any action for breach must be commenced within two years from the date of the breach. Cooper executed the contract the same day in New Jersey and sent it to Coal in Minnesota. The guarantee has a similar clause requiring that an action on the guarantee he brought within two ears fi-om the date of any breach of the contract (Cheeseman, 2004). According to the preliminary information we received, the initial breach of contract occurred two years ago today. Moran claims that John Rich (who now resides in St. Paul but was an officer of Buffalo Trust Co., in Buffalo New York at the time it, Buffalo Trust, lent Mining Inc. $500,000 in early 2004) together with Cooper and Coal fraudulently induced him into signing the guarantee and defrauded him into purchasing certain assets from Mining. Discussion Contracts are frequently utilized to bind an agreement among parties in order to make sure that the agreement is fulfilled. The complexity with contracts is that they provide the transacting parties an opening to credit to their support to the contract rather than to each other's reasonable or decent intentions. Consequently, contracts may keep a tight rein on interacting parties' enthusiasm or facility to judge each other as being generous or possessing reliability, and fundamental confidence may